Lamps - Incandescents, Neons 1. Lamps <strong>Definition and Types</strong>: Lamps generally refer to lighting devices that convert electrical energy into light energy, mainly including incandescent lamps (Incandescents), gas discharge lamps (such as Neons), and other types. Such devices usually belong to the "electromechanical components" category of electronic components and need to combine mechanical and electronic characteristics to achieve functions. <strong>Functional Characteristics</strong>: Mainly used for lighting, signal indication, or decoration purposes, with direct electrical energy-light energy conversion characteristics, some need to work with drive circuits or voltage regulators. 2. Incandescents <strong>Working Principle</strong>: The tungsten filament is heated by electric current to an incandescent state to emit light, which is a thermal radiation light source. Its structure is simple, consisting of a glass shell, a filament, and an electrode. <strong>Application Scenarios</strong>: It was widely used for general lighting in the early days, but due to its low energy efficiency and short life, it was gradually replaced by new light sources such as LEDs. 3. Neons <strong>Working Principle</strong>: It is a type of gas discharge lamp that produces glow discharge light by ionizing the inert gas (such as neon) in the glass tube. It requires a high-voltage power supply and is usually used with a ballast or transformer. <strong>Functional Features</strong>: It is known for its high brightness, long life, and color diversity. It is often used in advertising light boxes, decorative lighting, and industrial signal indication. <strong>Classification Extension</strong>: In the classification of electronic components, neon lights can be classified as "Class C electronic device components", that is, functional components composed of passive components (such as resistors, and capacitors) and active components (such as high-voltage power modules). 4. Technology Comparison and Typical Applications Type Core Features Typical Circuit Requirements Main Uses Incandescent lamps Thermal radiation luminescence, low energy efficiency Low voltage DC/AC power supply General lighting (gradually phased out) Neon lamps Gas discharge luminescence, high brightness and long life High voltage power supply and ballast Advertising decoration, signal indication 5. Related Classification Reference <strong>Active and Passive Components</strong>: Incandescent lamps and neon lamps are passive components (dependent on external power supply), but their driving circuits may contain active components (such as transistors, ICs). <strong>Functional Category</strong>: Belongs to "power supply components" or "display devices", and requires circuit design to achieve stable operation.
LED Emitters - Infrared, UV, Visible 1. Infrared Emitters <strong>Principle and Structure</strong>: Energy is released through electron-hole recombination of semiconductor PN junction to generate infrared light with a wavelength range of 0.75~1000μm. The core materials are usually III-V compound semiconductors such as gallium arsenide (GaAs) and gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP). <strong>Features</strong>: It has the characteristics of strong linear propagation, high anti-interference ability, low power consumption, and long life, and is suitable for complex environments. <strong>Typical Applications</strong>: Remote control equipment (such as TV remote control), photoelectric switches, security systems (infrared alarms), medical equipment (infrared temperature measurement), etc. 2. Ultraviolet Emitters <strong>Principle and Materials</strong>: Ultraviolet light is generated by the electron transition of wide bandgap semiconductor materials (such as gallium nitride GaN and silicon carbide SiC), and the wavelength range is usually 10~400nm. Its luminous efficiency is directly related to the bandgap width of the material. <strong>Application Areas</strong>: UV curing (such as 3D printing), sterilization and disinfection (water treatment, medical equipment), fluorescence detection (anti-counterfeiting identification), etc. 3. Visible Emitters <strong>Principle and Type</strong>: Based on LED technology, red, yellow, green, and other visible light emissions are achieved by doping different semiconductor materials (such as GaP and GaAsP), with a wavelength range of about 380~750nm. Two-color/three-color LEDs can achieve color switching through multi-PN junction integration. <strong>Packaging and Parameters</strong>: Common packages include surface mount (SMD) and plug-in forms; key parameters include operating voltage (1.8~3.3V), luminous intensity (unit mcd), and viewing angle (such as 30°~120°). <strong>Application Scenarios</strong>: Device status indication (power light, port light), display backlight, lighting (low-power LED light), traffic lights, etc. 4. Technology Comparison and Selection Points Category Wavelength Range Typical Materials Core Parameters Typical Scenarios Infrared Emitter 0.75~1000μm GaAs、GaAsP Transmitting Power, Radiation Angle Remote Control, Security Ultraviolet Emitter 10~400nm GaN、SiC Bandgap Width, Radiation Efficiency Sterilization, Detection Visible Emitter 380~750nm GaP、GaAsP Brightness, Color Temperature, Viewing Angle Indicator, Lighting <strong>Selection Suggestion</strong>: Wavelength matching, power consumption, packaging form (such as heat dissipation requirements), and environmental adaptability (such as temperature and humidity) need to be considered comprehensively. 5. Development Trend <strong>High efficiency</strong>: Improve light efficiency and wavelength accuracy through new materials (such as perovskite). <strong>Integration</strong>: Multi-band emitter integration (such as infrared + visible light composite sensor). <strong>Intelligence</strong>: Combined with the drive circuit to achieve dynamic dimming and adaptive control.
LED Addressable, Specialty 1. Addressable LED <strong>Independent Control Characteristics</strong> Each LED unit has an independent driving circuit, which can achieve precise control of single-point brightness, color, and dynamic effects through digital signals. Typical applications include pixel-level dimming of LED display screens, dynamic effect presentation of intelligent lighting systems, etc. <strong>Drive Technology</strong> Adopt PWM (pulse width modulation) technology to adjust brightness, combine integrated circuits (such as WS2812B chips) to achieve cascade control, and support complex light effect programming. This type of LED needs to be equipped with a current-limiting resistor or a dedicated driver chip to prevent overcurrent damage. <strong>Typical Packaging Form</strong> Common packages include SMD (such as 5050 and 3535 specifications) and integrated modules (such as COB packaging), which are suitable for high-density installation and heat dissipation requirements. 2. Specialty LED 1）Special Luminescent Properties <strong>Spectral Customization</strong>: Through semiconductor materials (such as GaN, GaAsP) and phosphor coating design, ultraviolet, infrared, or narrow wavelength light output is achieved, which is suitable for biological detection, industrial curing, and other fields. <strong>High Power Density</strong>: vertical structure chips and ceramic substrate packaging are used to improve heat dissipation efficiency and meet the needs of high-power lighting and automotive headlights. 2）Special Application Scenarios <strong>Environmental Adaptability</strong>: waterproof and shockproof packaging design (such as silicone potting) is used for outdoor lighting and vehicle-mounted equipment. <strong>Miniaturized Packaging</strong>: such as 0402 and 0603 patch specifications, suitable for backlight indication of portable electronic devices. 3）Intelligent Integration Some special LEDs integrate sensors (such as temperature and photosensitive elements) to achieve adaptive dimming or environmental perception functions, expanding their applications in IoT devices. 3. Technology Development Trends <strong>High integration control</strong>: integrated packaging of driver IC and LED chip to reduce the complexity of peripheral circuits. <strong>Flexible display</strong>: based on Micro-LED and transparent substrate technology, promote innovation of flexible display screens and wearable devices. <strong>Energy efficiency optimization</strong>: improve light efficiency and reduce heat loss through material bandgap engineering (such as AlGaInP multilayer structure).
Laser Diodes, Laser Modules - Laser Delivery, Laser Fibers 1. Laser Diodes 1) Definition and Principle Semiconductor lasers with current-carrying p-n junctions as gain media achieve stimulated emission through electrical pumping. Its light-emitting principle is based on the release of photons when electrons and holes recombine, and the formation of a highly coherent laser beam through reflection in the resonant cavity. The main types include edge-emitting lasers (such as DFB, and DBR lasers) and surface-emitting lasers (such as VCSEL). 2) Key Features <strong>Wavelength Range</strong>: covers ultraviolet to infrared (380nm-1600nm), such as 405nm (blue light), 650nm (red light), 808nm (infrared), etc. <strong>Power Range</strong>: single tube power ranges from milliwatts (5mW) to watts (5W). <strong>Advantages</strong>: high efficiency, small size, long life, but requires the use of optical systems to improve beam quality. 2. Laser Modules 1) Composition and Function With LD as the core, it integrates optical lenses (such as DOE, and collimating lenses), structural parts, driving circuits, etc. to achieve spot shaping (such as points, lines, patterns) and stable output. <strong>Example</strong>: The robot obstacle avoidance radar module uses an 808nm laser, integrated fiber output, and drive control module. 2) Application Fields <strong>Industry</strong>: laser engraving, welding, ranging, 3D scanning, etc. <strong>Consumer Electronics</strong>: laser pointers, projection display, stage lighting. 3. Laser Delivery & Laser Fibers 1) Fiber Coupling Technology Couple the spatial light output by LD into the optical fiber to achieve flexible optical path transmission and improve the beam quality (such as circular spot, and high energy density). Large core fiber can integrate multiple laser beams to increase energy, while single-mode fiber is suitable for high-precision demand scenarios. 2) Typical Application Scenarios <strong>Medical</strong>: Precision energy transmission in laser surgery and photodynamic therapy. <strong>Communication</strong>: The 1310nm/1550nm band is used for the optical fiber communication signal source. 4. Technology Trends and Market <strong>Integration</strong>: Development towards miniaturization and modularization, such as integrated fiber-coupled lasers. <strong>Diversified Needs</strong>: Covering the entire band from ultraviolet to infrared, intelligent driving circuits (such as temperature compensation, and power feedback).
Laser Diodes, Laser Modules 1. Basic Definition <strong>Laser Diodes</strong> A semiconductor light-emitting device that achieves stimulated emission light amplification by injecting current (the principle is based on "Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation"), with the characteristics of monochromaticity, directionality, and high coherence. Its internal structure includes components such as the laser emission part (LD) and the photodiode (PD). <strong>Laser Modules</strong> A functional module that integrates and packages laser diodes, optical components (such as lenses, crystals), drive circuits, heat dissipation devices, etc., used to provide stable and controllable laser output. 2. Core Principles <strong>Laser Diode</strong>: When current passes through the P-N junction, electrons and holes recombine to generate photons, which are amplified by light in the resonant cavity through a reflector and finally output laser. <strong>Laser Module</strong>: Add optical shaping (such as DOE lens), temperature control, electrostatic protection (such as LASORB element), and other functions on the basis of the diode to optimize the beam quality and reliability. 3. Key Parameters and Technical Indicators <strong>Laser Diode</strong>: operating wavelength (380nm–1600nm), output power (5mW–5W), threshold current, beam divergence angle, etc. <strong>Laser Module</strong>: spot shape (such as circular/linear), coupling efficiency (fiber module), operating temperature range, protection level (such as fully enclosed design), etc. 4. Main Types 1) Classification by Structure <strong>Edge-emitting laser diode</strong>: traditional type, the beam is emitted parallel to the semiconductor surface. <strong>Surface-emitting laser diode (VCSEL)</strong>: the beam is emitted perpendicular to the surface, suitable for high-density integration. 2) Classification by Module Function <strong>DPSS module</strong>: wavelength conversion through the crystal, used for high-power laser output. <strong>Fiber coupling module</strong>: couples the beam to the optical fiber to achieve flexible transmission and high beam quality. 5. Typical Application Areas <strong>Industrial field</strong>: laser cutting/welding, 3D printing, precision measurement (such as distance measurement, and barcode scanning). <strong>Consumer electronics</strong>: laser projection, virtual reality (VR) display, optical storage. <strong>Communication and medical</strong>: optical fiber communication, medical detection/treatment equipment (such as laser surgery). 6. Development Trend <strong>High-efficiency Integration</strong>: modules are developing towards miniaturization and low power consumption, integrating intelligent temperature control and drive circuits. <strong>Multi-wavelength Extension</strong>: development of ultraviolet to far infrared band products to meet special application requirements (such as quantum technology). <strong>High Power and High Reliability</strong>: output power is increased through multi-tube beam combining technology while optimizing anti-ESD design to extend life.
Laser Diodes, Laser Modules - Accessories Laser modulators are one of the core devices in the field of optoelectronics, and continue to promote the development of cutting-edge fields such as high-speed communication and quantum technology. 1. Definition and Function Laser modulators are a type of key device used to control laser properties. By changing parameters such as laser intensity, phase, frequency, or polarization state, high-speed and efficient control of optical signals can be achieved. Its core function is to convert electrical signals into optical signals or to encode and modulate existing optical signals to meet the needs of optical communications, lidar, and other fields. 2. Classification and Principle Laser modulators can be divided into the following main types according to the control method: <strong>Intensity Modulator</strong>: Modulation is achieved by changing the amplitude of the optical signal. Typical representatives include an electro-absorption modulator (EAM) and a Mach-Zehnder intensity modulator. <strong>Phase Modulator</strong>: The refractive index of the material is changed by the electro-optical effect, thereby adjusting the phase of the light wave. It is common in coherent optical communication systems. <strong>Electro-absorption Modulator (EAM)</strong>: Based on the electric field absorption effect of semiconductor materials, the light absorption characteristics are changed by voltage to achieve light intensity modulation. <strong>Electro-optic Modulator</strong>: It uses the electro-optic effect of piezoelectric crystals (such as lithium niobate) to directly control the propagation characteristics of light waves through an external electric field. <strong>All-optical Modulator</strong>: It does not require an electrical signal drive and uses optical nonlinear effects to achieve all-optical control, which is suitable for emerging fields such as photonic computing. 3. Typical Structure and Technical Features <strong>Integrated Design</strong>: For example, EML (electroabsorption modulated laser) integrates the laser and modulator on the same chip, combining high-speed performance and low power consumption. <strong>Mach-Zehnder Interference Structure</strong>: The principle of splitting-combining interference is used in electro-optic modulators, and intensity modulation is achieved through voltage control of the phase shift arm. <strong>Multilayer Semiconductor Structure</strong>: Electroabsorption modulators are usually composed of a laser segment (generating optical signals) and a modulator segment (controlling light intensity), and the modulation voltage is applied through the feedback electrode. 4. Application Fields <strong>Optical Communication</strong>: used for signal encoding in high-speed optical modules, supporting transmission rates of 100G/400G and above. <strong>LiDAR</strong>: modulates the frequency or phase of laser pulses to improve the detection accuracy and anti-interference ability of radar systems. <strong>Spectroscopy and Medical Imaging</strong>: achieve high-resolution spectral analysis through phase modulation, or use for optical coherence tomography (OCT). <strong>Industrial Processing and Sensing</strong>: regulate laser power or pulse shape to adapt to precision processing, fiber optic sensing, and other scenarios. 5. Technical Advantages and Challenges <strong>Advantages</strong>: high-speed response (up to GHz level), low power consumption, high integration (such as silicon photonic integration technology), and anti-electromagnetic interference. <strong>Challenges</strong>: temperature sensitivity of electro-optic modulators, nonlinear efficiency limitations of all-optical modulators, and large-scale application of high-cost materials.
HeNe Laser Systems HeNe laser system is a gas laser with helium (He) and neon (Ne) as the gain medium. It has the characteristics of high stability, excellent beam quality, and low power output, and is widely used in scientific research, industry, and medical fields. 1. Structural Composition <strong>Laser Tube</strong>: A sealed glass tube containing a helium-neon mixed gas (ratio 5:1 to 20:1), which excites the population inversion through high-voltage discharge. <strong>Resonant Cavity</strong>: It is composed of a high-reflectivity plane mirror and an output coupling mirror with a transmittance of about 1%, supporting laser oscillation of a specific wavelength. <strong>Power Module</strong>: Provides stable high-voltage discharge to maintain the ionized state of the gas. 2. Core Parameters <strong>Wavelength</strong>: The main wavelength is 632.8nm (red light), and other wavelengths include 543nm (green light), 1.15μm, 3.39μm, etc. <strong>Output Power</strong>: 0.3mW to 100mW (typical value), the power is limited by the characteristics of the gain medium. <strong>Beam Characteristics</strong>: excellent monochromaticity (Δν<20Hz), high directivity (divergence angle<1mrad), coherence length of about 30cm. 3. Application Areas <strong>Precision Measurement</strong>: used for interferometers, metrology calibration, and optical instrument alignment. <strong>Biomedical</strong>: supports flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and medical equipment imaging. <strong>Industrial Detection</strong>: used in food sorting, clean room monitoring, and material opacity analysis. 4. Technical Features <strong>Frequency stabilization design</strong>: some models integrate frequency stabilization technology (such as the 25-STP series) to improve frequency stability. <strong>Low maintenance cost</strong>: simple structure, no complex cooling system required, suitable for long-term stable operation. <strong>Multi-wavelength extension</strong>: by adjusting the resonant cavity design, it can support infrared and visible light multi-band output. With its mature technology and reliability, the HeNe laser system occupies an important position in low-power continuous laser demand scenarios.
HeNe Laser System Accessories HeNe laser system accessories include power supplies, optical mounts, beam combiners and splitters, beam expanders, mirrors, lenses, shutters, and other optical components.
HeNe Laser Heads 1. Definition and Core Functions The HeNe laser head is the core component of the HeNe laser (HeNe Laser). It generates stimulated emission through a mixture of helium and neon gases under low-pressure discharge and outputs continuous laser light of a specific wavelength. Its typical wavelength is 632.8 nm (red light), and there are also variants such as green light (543.5 nm) and yellow light (594 nm). 2. Key Parameters and Performance <strong>Output power</strong>: Covering the range of 0.3 mW to 35 mW, such as Pacific Lasertec's 25-LHP-828 model outputs 25 mW red light, and the Lumentum 1100 series provides high power stability and low noise performance. <strong>Wavelength and polarization</strong>: The main wavelength 632.8 nm (red light) is optional for random polarization or linear polarization, and green light models (such as 543.5 nm) are often used for special applications. <strong>Mode characteristics</strong>: Longitudinal mode spacing is about 165 MHz, spectral bandwidth is about 1400 MHz (FWHM) and has a long coherence length (about 30 cm). <strong>Stability</strong>: Long-term power drift <5% (8 hours), amplitude noise peak-to-peak value <2%. 3. Application Areas <strong>Industry and scientific research</strong>: metrology, interferometry, clean room monitoring, flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, etc. <strong>Medical and biotechnology</strong>: medical equipment calibration, imaging system, food sorting. <strong>OEM integration</strong>: As a modular component, it can be integrated into the customer's own system to support customized needs. 4. Structural Design and Technical Features <strong>Gain medium</strong>: Helium-neon mixed gas (ratio 5:1 to 20:1), excited by high-voltage discharge. <strong>Optical resonant cavity</strong>: A combination of a flat high-reflection mirror and an output coupling mirror is used, with a transmittance of about 1%. <strong>Heat dissipation and sealing</strong>: Tight cathode design accelerates discharge heat dissipation, and hard-sealed internal reflectors extend service life. <strong>Environmental adaptability</strong>: Operating temperature range -20 °C to 80 °C, supports high altitude and humidity environments. 5. Mainstream Brands and Models <strong>Pacific Lasertec</strong>: Provides red light (25-LHP-828), green light (25-LGP-151-230), and stabilized frequency models, compatible with Melles Griot specifications. <strong>Lumentum 1100 series</strong>: Covers multiple wavelengths (red/green/yellow/orange), known for low noise and high stability, suitable for precision instruments. 6. Safety and Certification Complies with IEC 60825-1 (Class 3B), CE, FDA, and other standards to ensure safe use in industrial and laboratory environments. <strong>Appendix</strong>: Typical HeNe laser head parameter examples (taking 25-LHP-828 as an example) Parameters Value/Description Wavelength 632.8 nm (Red Light) Output power ≥25 mW (Random polarization) Beam diameter (1/e² point) 1.23 ±5% mm Divergence angle 0.66 ±5% mrad Operating voltage 5100 ±100 VDC Certification standards IEC 60825-1、CE、RoHS 3
Fiber Optics - Transmitters - Drive Circuitry Integrated Product Definition and Function This type of component is a fiber optic transmitter with an integrated drive circuit, which is mainly used to convert electrical signals into optical signals and transmit them through optical fiber. Its core components usually include a drive circuit, laser diode or LED light source, and fiber optic interface module. Typical Product Models and Parameters <strong>GP1FM513TZ</strong>: Produced by Sharp, supports 13.2Mbps transmission rate, uses DIP package, and complies with RoHS standards; <strong>TOTX179P</strong>: Toshiba product, transmission rate 12.8Mbps, packaged as DIP-3, suitable for medium and short distance communication2; <strong>TOTX141P</strong>: Also a Toshiba series, the integrated design of packaging and drive circuit is suitable for industrial scenarios. Technical Features and Materials The integrated design realizes the efficient packaging of optoelectronics devices and drives circuits through multi-layer multi-chip module (MCM) technology. Some products use germanium oxide (GeO₂) as a waveguide material to optimize the refractive index and light absorption performance. Application Scenarios Mainly used in communication networks, industrial control, security monitoring and smart home, etc., to meet the needs of high-speed, anti-electromagnetic interference optical fiber transmission.
Fiber Optics - Transmitters - Discrete Fiber Optics - Transmitters - Discrete is mainly used to realize the conversion of electrical signals to optical signals in optical fiber communication systems. Its core function is to convert electrical signals into optical signals of specific wavelengths through semiconductor devices and transmit them efficiently through optical fibers. 1. Core Composition and Classification 1）Core devices <strong>Laser diodes</strong>: As the main light source, they have high power and narrow spectrum characteristics and are suitable for long-distance communication. <strong>Light-emitting diodes (LED)</strong>: They have low cost, but limited output power and modulation speed, and are often used in short-distance transmission scenarios. 2）Discrete characteristics Such devices usually exist in independent packages rather than integrated into optical modules, which facilitates flexible replacement and customized design. Typical packaging forms include TO-CAN, butterfly packages, etc., which need to be used in conjunction with drive circuits to achieve stable output. 2. Key Parameters and Performance Such devices play a key role in optical fiber communication systems, and their performance directly affects transmission distance, bandwidth, and system reliability. <strong>Wavelength Range</strong> Common bands are 850nm (multimode fiber), 1310nm, and 1550nm (single-mode fiber), which meet different transmission distance requirements. <strong>Modulation Rate</strong> High-speed transmitters support 10Gbps to 100Gbps and above, suitable for data centers and backbone networks. <strong>Temperature Stability</strong> Devices with built-in thermoelectric coolers (TEC) can adjust the temperature to ensure the stability of output wavelength and power. 3. Application Areas <strong>Communication Infrastructure</strong> Optical transmitters used in scenarios such as fiber to the home (FTTH), 5G base stations, and metropolitan area networks. <strong>Industrial and Consumer Electronics</strong> High-precision signal transmission in fiber optic sensors, medical devices (such as endoscopes), and laser radars (LiDAR). 4. Technology Development Trends <strong>Integration</strong> Discrete devices are gradually transitioning to monolithic integration (such as silicon photonics technology) to improve energy efficiency and reduce packaging complexity. <strong>Application of new materials</strong> Compound semiconductor materials such as indium phosphide (InP) and gallium arsenide (GaAs) improve device performance and support higher modulation rates.
Fiber Optics - Transceiver Modules 1. Definition and Core Functions An optical transceiver module is a device that realizes the bidirectional conversion of optical-electrical/electrical-optical signals. It consists of optoelectronics devices (transmitters and receivers), functional circuits, and optical interfaces. <strong>Transmitter</strong>: Converts the electrical signal generated by the device into an optical signal and transmits it through optical fiber; <strong>Receiver</strong>: Restores the received optical signal to an electrical signal for the device to process. Its core value lies in improving signal transmission rate, extending transmission distance, and enhancing anti-interference ability. 2. Structure and Key Components The optical module mainly includes the following components: <strong>Transmitter assembly (TOSA)</strong>: Uses semiconductor laser (LD) or light-emitting diode (LED) to generate optical signals and adjusts the optical power through the driving circuit. <strong>Receiver assembly (ROSA)</strong>: Uses photodiode (PIN or APD) to convert optical signals into electrical signals and outputs them after processing by the preamplifier. <strong>Optical interface</strong>: Physical connection components that adapt to different types of optical fibers (single mode/multimode). 3. Working Principle <strong>Sending process</strong>: input electrical signal → driver chip processing → laser/light-emitting diode modulates optical signal → optical fiber transmission. <strong>Receiving process</strong>: optical fiber inputs optical signal → photodiode converts to electrical signal → amplifies and shapes → outputs to the device. Some modules support single-fiber bidirectional transmission (BiDi), which distinguishes the receiving and sending signals by wavelength and saves optical fiber resources. 4. Application Scenarios Optical transceiver modules are widely used in the following fields: <strong>Data center</strong>: high-bandwidth, low-latency server and switch interconnection. <strong>Communication network</strong>: long-distance signal transmission of 5G base stations, backbone networks, and metropolitan area networks. <strong>Industry and security</strong>: video surveillance, industrial control, and other scenarios with high anti-interference requirements. 5. Technical Parameters and Selection Key parameters include: <strong>Packaging type</strong>: SFP, QSFP, CFP, etc., adapted to different device interfaces. <strong>Transmission rate</strong>: Covering 10Gbps to 400Gbps, 800G modules are gradually commercialized. <strong>Wavelength and distance</strong>: Single-mode (1310/1550nm, transmission distance up to 100 kilometers) and multimode (850nm, short distance). <strong>Power consumption and compatibility</strong>: Low power consumption design and matching with fiber type (such as OM3/OM4 multimode fiber). 6. Development Trend <strong>High rate and integration</strong>: Silicon photonics (SiPh) and co-packaged optics (CPO) promote the evolution of modules to 800G/1.6T. <strong>Intelligence and pluggability</strong>: Support digital diagnostics (DDM) function, and real-time monitoring of optical power and temperature. <strong>Green energy saving</strong>: Optimize circuit design to reduce power consumption and adapt to the sustainable development needs of data centers.
Fiber Optics - Switches, Multiplexers, Demultiplexers As core components in optical fiber communication systems, optical fiber switches, multiplexers, and demultiplexers play a key role in optical signal routing, wavelength management, and system capacity expansion. 1. Core Component Functions <strong>Optical fiber switches</strong>: Dynamically switch optical signals between multiple channels through electrical or optical control, supporting optical network reconstruction and redundant backup. Current mainstream technologies include integrated optical switches based on lithium niobate (LiNbO₃) waveguides and silicon-based reconfigurable photonic devices. <strong>Multiplexers</strong>: Combine optical signals of different wavelengths into a single optical fiber for transmission, improving optical fiber utilization. Typical implementation methods include grating couplers and wavelength selection devices based on metasurfaces. <strong>Demultiplexers</strong>: Separate specific wavelengths from composite signals to support parallel processing of optical signals. Its performance depends on the waveguide dispersion characteristics and grating design optimization. 2. Key Technology Progress <strong>Integration and miniaturization</strong>: Silicon-based photonic integration technology significantly reduces device size and improves reliability through high-density waveguide design; <strong>High-speed modulation capability</strong>: All-fiber modulators based on plasma metasurfaces have achieved GHz-level modulation rates; <strong>Polarization and wavelength management</strong>: Silicon-based devices solve polarization sensitivity problems through polarization diversity technology and expand application scenarios. 3. Application Areas <strong>Optical communication and optical interconnection</strong>: Supports long-distance, high-bandwidth data transmission, suitable for data center optical interconnection and 5G/6G networks; <strong>Fiber-optic sensing system</strong>: Efficient monitoring of distributed sensor networks through multiplexing technology; <strong>Optical computing and quantum communication</strong>: Reconfigurable photonic devices provide the hardware foundation for optical matrix operations and quantum state control. 4. Technology Trends <strong>Material Innovation</strong>: Organic materials and silicon-based hybrid integration (Silicon-plus Photonics) promote breakthroughs in device performance; <strong>Intelligent Control</strong>: Combining electro-optical feedback with AI algorithms to achieve adaptive optical signal control; <strong>Multimode fiber compatibility</strong>: Device design for multimode fiber systems has become a research hotspot to reduce mode field mismatch losses. Fiber switches, multiplexers, and demultiplexers are continuously developing towards high performance and high integration, laying the foundation for the next generation of optical communications and photonic computing systems.
Fiber Optic Receivers Fiber Optic Receivers are core electronic components in fiber optic communication systems, responsible for converting optical signals into electrical signals and restoring the original transmission information through signal processing. Fiber optic receivers play a key role in high-speed, high-reliability communication scenarios, and their technological evolution continues to promote the performance of optical communication networks. 1. Definition and Function Fiber optic receivers are mainly used to detect weak optical signals transmitted through optical fibers, and output high-quality electrical signals for subsequent equipment through photoelectric conversion, amplification, and shaping. Its core function is to ensure that optical signals can still be restored with high fidelity after long-distance transmission. 2. Core Components <strong>Photodetectors</strong>: usually use PIN photodiodes or avalanche photodiodes (APDs) to convert optical signals into electrical signals. <strong>Signal Processing Circuits</strong>: including preamplifiers, equalizers, and clock recovery circuits to optimize signal quality and eliminate noise and distortion in transmission. <strong>Interface Components</strong>: such as FC connectors or panel mounting structures, ensuring physical connection with optical fiber and external devices. 3. Classification Standards 1)By transmission rate <strong>1Gbps</strong>: Suitable for traditional Ethernet and low-speed communication scenarios. <strong>10Gbps/25Gbps</strong>: Used in data centers and high-performance networks. <strong>40Gbps/100Gbps</strong>: Supports core networks and ultra-large-scale data transmission. 2)By interface type <strong>SFP/SFP+</strong>: Small pluggable modules that support flexible deployment. <strong>Fixed panel type</strong>: Such as G7881-32, suitable for industrial-grade equipment. 3)By fiber type <strong>Single-mode fiber receiver</strong>: The operating wavelength is mostly 1310nm/1550nm, and the transmission distance can reach tens of kilometers. <strong>Multimode fiber receiver</strong>: supports short-distance transmission (hundreds of meters to 2 kilometers), commonly used wavelength 850nm/1300nm. 4. Application Areas <strong>Communication network</strong>: used for optical signal reception of optical terminals, base stations, and backbone networks. <strong>Data center</strong>: supports high-speed data transmission between servers and switches. <strong>Industrial automation</strong>: achieves stable signal transmission in harsh environments (such as -40 °C to 85 °C wide temperature range). <strong>Medical equipment</strong>: used for high-precision optical imaging systems. 5. Selection Points <strong>Wavelength and rate matching</strong>: needs to be compatible with the transmitter light source and system bandwidth. <strong>Sensitivity and dynamic range</strong>: determines the receiver's ability to detect weak signals. <strong>Environmental adaptability</strong>: such as temperature and anti-electromagnetic interference performance. <strong>Interface compatibility</strong>: such as connector types such as FC and LC. 6. Typical Model Examples <strong>G7871</strong>: Supports 1250Mbps, operates at 1300-1550nm wavelength, and is suitable for Gigabit Ethernet and SDH systems. <strong>DLR1000FC</strong>: Panel-mounted receiver designed for long-distance single-mode fiber.
Fiber Optic Attenuators Fiber attenuators are key components for ensuring signal integrity and equipment safety in optical communication networks. 1. Definition and Function An Optical Attenuator is a passive optical device that reduces the power of optical signals by absorption, scattering, or reflection to ensure that the optical receiver is not overloaded and balances the optical power in multichannel systems. Its function is opposite to that of optical amplifiers and is widely used in fiber-optic communications, test equipment, and medical fields. 2. Classification 1) According to the attenuation adjustment method <strong>Fixed attenuator</strong>: The attenuation value is fixed (such as 3dB, 10dB), suitable for stable scenarios, and commonly used in OTU modules or optical power protection. <strong>Adjustable Attenuator (VOA)</strong>: The attenuation value can be adjusted manually or electrically (such as MEMS technology), used to dynamically adjust the light intensity, and supports 1-60dB range adjustment. 2) According to the application scenario <strong>Wavelength Division Multiplexing Attenuator</strong>: Used for power balancing in multi-wavelength systems. <strong>Interface type</strong>: including SC, LC, FC, ST, etc., adapted to different fiber connectors. 3. Working Principle Based on the energy loss mechanism of optical signals, including absorption materials, MEMS reflection adjustment, etc. For example, MEMS changes the spot offset through voltage drive to control the energy of the output fiber. Fixed attenuators mostly use attenuation fibers doped with metal ions to achieve power adjustment. 4. Core application Scenarios <strong>Optical communication system</strong>: prevent optical module overload and extend the transmission distance. <strong>Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system</strong>: balance the power of each wavelength channel and improve transmission performance. <strong>Test and instrument</strong>: used for optical power meter calibration, EDFA module gain control, and ROADM components. 5. Technical Parameters and Manufacturers <strong>Key indicators</strong>: insertion loss, attenuation range, wavelength compatibility, return loss, etc. <strong>Typical products</strong>: MEMS attenuator, with small size, low insertion loss characteristics, supports customized requirements (such as polarization maintenance, special wavelength). 6. Selection Recommendations Choose a fixed/adjustable type according to system requirements and match the interface (such as LC for high-density scenarios and FC for patch panels). Give priority to attenuators with low insertion loss and high stability in long-distance or high-sensitivity scenarios.
Electroluminescent 1. Definition and Principle Electroluminescent (EL) refers to the physical phenomenon of exciting materials to produce light radiation through electric fields. The principle is: applying voltage to the two poles to form an electric field, exciting electrons to hit the luminescent center, causing electron transition, recombination, and emission. This technology does not require traditional light sources and directly converts electrical energy into light energy. 2. Main Application Areas <strong>Display Technology</strong>: such as flexible screens, OLED (organic electroluminescent devices), etc., with high luminous efficiency, wide viewing angle, fast response, and bendable characteristics. <strong>Lighting Equipment</strong>: used in scenes such as backlight sources and indicator lights. <strong>Test Equipment</strong>: String EL test power supply can simulate actual working conditions and detect the electroluminescent performance of components. 3. Key Component types <strong>Organic Electroluminescent</strong>: It is composed of an anode, a light-emitting layer, an electron transport layer, and a cathode, and uses electron transport materials containing cyano and aromatic rings to improve performance. <strong>Traditional Electroluminescent</strong>: such as electroluminescent screens based on inorganic materials, commonly found in early display devices. 4. Technical Advantages <strong>High efficiency and energy saving</strong>: high luminous efficiency and long device life. <strong>Flexible design</strong>: supports flexible, transparent, and ultra-thin forms. <strong>Cost controllable</strong>: optimization of materials and manufacturing processes reduces production costs. 5. Testing and Verification EL testing requires the use of dedicated power supply equipment (such as string EL test power supply), through multi-channel output, programmable control, and automated data acquisition to ensure component performance and reliability.
Display Modules - Vacuum Fluorescent (VFD) 1. Basic Definition VFD (vacuum fluorescent display module) is a self-luminous display device based on the principle of vacuum electron tubes, which realizes multicolor light emission by electron bombardment of phosphors. Its core structure includes filament (cathode), grid, anode, and fluorescent coating, supporting various display forms such as numbers, characters, patterns, etc. 2. Technical Characteristics <strong>Brightness and Lifespan</strong>: high brightness (usually more than 2000 cd/m²), long lifespan (about 10,000 to 30,000 hours); <strong>Drive Voltage</strong>: low drive voltage (DC or pulse drive), typical operating voltage is 5V-50V; <strong>Multi-color Display</strong>: mainly blue-green in the early days, now it can support multiple colors such as red, orange, and yellow; <strong>Environmental Adaptability</strong>: wide operating temperature range (-40 °C to 85 °C is common), suitable for industrial scenarios. 3. Typical Applications <strong>Consumer Electronics</strong>: volume indicator on audio panel, status display of home appliances; <strong>Industrial Equipment</strong>: instrument data visualization, interactive interface of automation equipment; <strong>In-vehicle System</strong>: car dashboard, central control information screen. 4. Modular Design <strong>Interface Type</strong>: support parallel, serial (such as SPI/I²C) and custom protocol interface; <strong>Package Form</strong>: standard size module (such as D0103MT-20-0110N) or customized package, thickness is usually ≤15 mm; <strong>Drive Solution</strong>: commonly used PT6311/PT6312 and other dedicated driver ICs, need to cooperate with the oscillation circuit to realize filament AC power supply. 5. Supply Chain and Selection <strong>Core Manufacturers</strong>: Noritake, Matrix Orbital, Panasonic, and other manufacturers provide commercial modules; <strong>Selection Parameters</strong>: need to pay attention to indicators such as character size (such as 5×7 dot matrix), observation area, RoHS compliance, etc.
Display Modules - LED Dot Matrix and Cluster 1. Definition and composition <strong>LED Dot Matrix</strong>: It is composed of multiple LED chips arranged in a matrix, and the characters, graphics, or dynamic images are displayed by controlling the row and column signals. Common specifications include 5×7, 8×8, 16×16, and other dot matrix types. <strong>LED Cluster</strong>: It usually refers to a functional unit composed of multiple LEDs, such as a segment display or a combination of LEDs of a specific shape, which is used to display numbers, letters, or simple symbols. 2. Technical Features <strong>Drive and control</strong>: It adopts dynamic scanning technology and combines row/column drive circuits (such as 74LS154 and 74LS595 chips) to achieve efficient signal control. Some modules integrate voltage regulator diodes or transient voltage suppressors to enhance anti-static ability and stability. <strong>Optical performance</strong>: It has high brightness and low power consumption characteristics, supports monochrome, two-color, or three-primary color display, and some modules can adjust the scattering agent to achieve different luminous effects. <strong>Structural design</strong>: Modular packaging simplifies installation, and some products use layered design (such as stereo display modules) to reduce production complexity. 3. Application Scenarios <strong>Information display</strong>: Suitable for advertising screens, traffic signs, public information boards, and other scenarios, supporting Chinese characters, images, and dynamic content display. <strong>Industrial and consumer electronics</strong>: Integrated in instruments, smart home devices, etc., to provide intuitive status indication. <strong>Innovative display technology</strong>: Used for stereo display screens, achieving 3D visual effects through multi-layer LED arrays. 4. Typical Product Models <strong>General type</strong>: such as PD2436 (dot matrix display module). <strong>Customized design</strong>: such as SSP-LXC04393 (white LED cluster module), SSP-LXC128924 (round base multi-LED module). 5. Advantages and Trends <strong>Reliability</strong>: impact resistance, long life (over 100,000 hours), adaptable to outdoor environments. <strong>Low cost and ease of use</strong>: Standardized interfaces and driver solutions reduce development difficulty. <strong>Technology integration</strong>: Develop towards high resolution, three-dimensional, and low power consumption, and combine MCU/FPGA to improve control flexibility.
Display Modules - LED Character and Numeric Core Features <strong>Display Type</strong>: mainly 7-segment digital tubes, supporting the display of numbers, some letters, or symbols; <strong>Configuration parameters</strong>: including character size (such as 0.3 inches to 0.57 inches), display digits (1 or 2 digits), common cathode/common anode pin configuration, etc.; <strong>Electrical characteristics</strong>: forward voltage range is usually 2V–2.1V, test current is 20mA, power consumption is less than 75mW; <strong>Physical characteristics</strong>: module size is compact, and packaging forms include SMD, DIP, etc. Typical Application Scenarios Status indication of industrial control panels; Numerical display of consumer electronic devices (such as calculators and timers); Real-time data feedback of traffic signal systems or instruments and meters. Representative Manufacturers and Models <strong>SunLED</strong>: XZFMYK07C2 (0.3-inch dual-position yellow common cathode module); <strong>QT Brightek</strong>: QBDS400AG (0.4-inch dual-color SMD module); <strong>LN5160A</strong>: 0.57-inch single orange common anode module; <strong>SA56-11EWA</strong>: 0.56-inch red high-brightness display module.
Display Modules - LCD, OLED, Graphic 1. Liquid Crystal Display（LCD） Includes multiple display technologies such as FSTN (Film Super-Twisted Nematic) and TFT (Thin-Film Transistor); Supports different sizes, such as 5.7-inch TFT modules and 640×480 dot matrix high-resolution LCD modules; Can have transmissive or transflective display mode. 2. Organic Light Emitting Diode（OLED） Provides monochrome graphic display capabilities and supports multiple resolutions (such as 128×64, 256×64, etc.); Adopts COB, COG, COF, and other packaging processes, integrates parallel/serial interfaces and controllers; Includes large-size models (such as 5.5 inches). 3. Graphic Display Module Commonalities Most modules have built-in controllers to simplify system integration; Parameters cover display mode, backlight type (such as CCFL), interface specifications, etc.; The product complies with RoHS standards and is suitable for industrial-grade application scenarios.
Display Modules - LCD, OLED Character and Numeric 1. Core Component Types <strong>LCD Character/Digital Modules</strong>: Covering a variety of specifications, such as 4-digit 0.17-inch 7-segment digital tubes (such as LCD-S401M16TF), 16x4 character screens (such as 164G BA BW), and extended models that support touch functions. <strong>OLED Modules</strong>: Contains high-contrast, low-power character, and dot matrix display solutions suitable for consumer electronics and industrial equipment. 2. Application Scenarios Widely used in consumer electronics such as mobile phones, monitors, and TVs, as well as in-vehicle display systems. Used for real-time data display and interactive interfaces in industrial control, instrumentation, and other fields. 3. Technical Certification and Standards Comply with international certification systems (such as CE, UL, CQC, etc.) to ensure the reliability and compatibility of the module. Provide standardized interface design (such as ECAD models) for easy integration into different circuit systems. 4. Supply chain and selection support Provide detailed technical parameter documents (such as PDF data sheets), inventory status, and procurement channel information. Support customized production cycle and batch ordering to meet diverse project needs
Display Bezels, Lenses 1. Definition and Function <strong>Display Bezels</strong> Mainly used to fix and protect the display panel and as a connecting component between the display device and the external structure. Some high-end designs will increase the screen-to-body ratio and optimize the user experience through narrow bezel technology. <strong>Lenses</strong> A key component in optoelectronics devices is used to adjust light distribution, focus, or diffuse display content. Common applications include anti-glare treatment, viewing angle optimization, and color enhancement, especially in liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). 2. Technical Characteristics and Materials <strong>Material selection</strong>: The bezel is mostly made of lightweight metal or high-strength plastic, taking into account heat dissipation and durability. The lens material must have high transmittance and anti-aging properties, such as optical grade polycarbonate or glass. <strong>Integrated design</strong>: Modern display technologies (such as IGZO and LTPS panels) achieve higher resolution and energy efficiency by optimizing the lens and bezel structure. 3. Application Scenarios <strong>Consumer electronic</strong><strong>s</strong>: Smartphones, tablets, etc. pursue ultra-thin frames and anti-reflective lens designs. <strong>Industrial equipment</strong>: Durable dust-proof and waterproof frames and high-brightness lenses are required to adapt to complex environments. <strong>Automotive dashboard</strong>: High-temperature resistant lenses and impact-resistant frames are used to ensure display stability. 4. Supply Chain and Procurement Such devices can be purchased through professional electronic component platforms, supporting customized parameters (such as size and transmittance). When purchasing, you need to pay attention to compatibility certification (such as vehicle-mounted or medical standards).
Lamps - Cold Cathode Fluorescent (CCFL) & UV 1. Structure and Working Principle <strong>CCFL Basic Structure</strong> CCFL is a low-pressure glow discharge lamp, which is composed of a slender glass tube, inert gas (argon, neon, krypton), and trace mercury. The inner wall is coated with three-primary color phosphors, and the two ends are made of cold cathode materials such as nickel and tantalum. Its core feature is that it does not need to heat the cathode, and directly stimulates electron emission through a high-voltage electric field. <strong>Luminescence Mechanism</strong> In the startup phase, a high voltage of 1500-1800V is applied to trigger mercury atoms to release 253.7nm ultraviolet rays; Ultraviolet rays excite the phosphor to convert into visible light, and the voltage drops to 500-800V in the maintenance phase to work stably. The secondary electron emission characteristics of the cold cathode (ion bombardment of the cathode surface to release electrons) are the key to maintaining glow discharge. 2. Technical Features 1) Performance Advantages <strong>Long life</strong>: up to 30,000 hours in normal use, the number of switching times does not affect the life (significantly compared with incandescent lamps); <strong>Environmental Adaptability</strong>: wide operating temperature range (-28℃~40℃), stable brightness; <strong>High Brightness and Low Consumption</strong>: uniform light emission and low energy consumption, color rendering is better than ordinary fluorescent lamps. 2) Driving Requirements CCFL needs to be matched with high-frequency AC power supply (40-80kHz). Because the lamp tube has nonlinear negative resistance characteristics, a dedicated transformer or inverter is required to control the voltage and current. 3. Application Areas <strong>Display Technology </strong> As a TFT-LCD backlight, it is widely used in liquid crystal displays, TVs and laptops; Provide uniform lighting in advertising light boxes, scanners, and other equipment. <strong>Special Scenarios</strong> Combined with soft light board technology, it can be made into a flat light source for commercial lighting or personalized advertising boards; In UV-related applications, although the ultraviolet rays released by mercury vapor are mainly used to excite phosphors, their wavelength characteristics can also be adapted to specific UV demand scenarios (such as disinfection or photochemical reactions). 4. Relationship with UV Light Sources CCFL's ultraviolet generation depends on mercury vapor discharge, but conventional designs are mainly based on visible light output. If UV output needs to be enhanced, the phosphor coating or gas composition needs to be adjusted. Such variants may be used in medical or industrial fields, but standard CCFLs are still dominated by backlighting and general lighting. 5. Technology evolution Although LEDs are gradually replacing CCFLs in the backlight field, their advantages in high brightness, low cost and large-size displays still retain a certain market position. Future technology iterations may focus on energy efficiency improvement and UV band optimization.