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    • Integrated CircuitsIntegrated Circuits (ICs) 1. Integrated Circuits (ICs) Overview Integrated Circuits is a microelectronic device that integrates electronic components such as transistors, resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc. on semiconductor chips (such as silicon or gallium arsenide) or dielectric substrates through specific processes. All components form a whole structure, with the characteristics of miniaturization, low power consumption, high reliability, etc., and are represented by “IC” in the circuit. 2. What are the Types of Integrated Circuits (ICs)? According to functions and application scenarios, ICs are mainly divided into the following categories: ‌Analog integrated circuits‌: Processing continuous signals, such as operational amplifiers and sensor signal conditioning chips. ‌Digital integrated circuits‌: Processing discrete digital signals, including logic gates, microprocessors, memories, etc. ‌Mixed-signal integrated circuits‌: Combining analog and digital functions, such as analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and digital-to-analog converters (DACs). ‌Power ICs‌: Focusing on power management and driving, such as power management chips (PMICs) and driver chips (Driver ICs), are widely used in smartphones, automobiles, and industrial equipment. ‌RF/Microwave ICs‌: used in high-frequency communication systems, such as 5G RF chips and microwave filters. 3. What are Integrated Circuits (ICs) Used for? ‌Communication Technology‌: Processors and RF chips in smartphones, and high-speed data transmission modules for 5G base stations. ‌Medical Equipment‌: Low-power control chips…
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    • ResistorsResistors 1. Resistors Overview 1）‌Basic Concepts‌ The resistor is a passive component used to limit the flow of current in a circuit. It realizes the current limiting function by converting electrical energy into heat energy and is an energy-consuming component. Its resistance is determined by factors such as material, temperature, length, and cross-sectional area. 2）‌Core Function‌ ‌Voltage division and current division: Ensure stable operation of various parts of the circuit by adjusting voltage or current distribution. ‌Current limiting and protection: Prevent current overload from damaging sensitive components. 2. What are the Types of Resistors? 1）‌Classification by resistance characteristics‌ ‌Fixed resistors‌: The resistance value cannot be adjusted, suitable for stable circuit design. ‌Adjustable resistors‌: Such as potentiometers, which change the resistance value by sliding contacts and are used to accurately adjust circuit parameters. 2）‌Classification by materials and processes‌ ‌Wire-wound resistors‌: High precision, high-temperature resistance, suitable for high-power scenarios. ‌Metal film/carbon film resistors‌: Low cost, low noise, widely used in general circuits. ‌Chip resistor‌: Surface mount technology (SMT), small size, suitable for automated production‌. 3）‌Special function resistor‌ ‌Thermistor‌: Resistance changes with temperature, used for temperature sensing‌. ‌Varistor‌: Voltage-sensitive, used for overvoltage protection‌. ‌Photoresistor‌: Light intensity controls resistance, used in light control equipment‌. 3. What are the…
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      • See allResistors 1. Resistors Overview 1）‌Basic Concepts‌ The resistor is a passive component used to limit the flow of current in a circuit. It realizes the current limiting function by converting electrical energy into heat energy and is an energy-consuming component. Its resistance is determined by factors such as material, temperature, length, and cross-sectional area. 2）‌Core Function‌ ‌Voltage division and current division: Ensure stable operation of various parts of the circuit by adjusting voltage or current distribution. ‌Current limiting and protection: Prevent current overload from damaging sensitive components. 2. What are the Types of Resistors? 1）‌Classification by resistance characteristics‌ ‌Fixed resistors‌: The resistance value cannot be adjusted, suitable for stable circuit design. ‌Adjustable resistors‌: Such as potentiometers, which change the resistance value by sliding contacts and are used to accurately adjust circuit parameters. 2）‌Classification by materials and processes‌ ‌Wire-wound resistors‌: High precision, high-temperature resistance, suitable for high-power scenarios. ‌Metal film/carbon film resistors‌: Low cost, low noise, widely used in general circuits. ‌Chip resistor‌: Surface mount technology (SMT), small size, suitable for automated production‌. 3）‌Special function resistor‌ ‌Thermistor‌: Resistance changes with temperature, used for temperature sensing‌. ‌Varistor‌: Voltage-sensitive, used for overvoltage protection‌. ‌Photoresistor‌: Light intensity controls resistance, used in light control equipment‌. 3. What are the…
    • CapacitorsCapacitors Capacitors play a vital role in electronic circuits. Reasonable selection and use are the keys to ensuring circuit performance. 1. Capacitors Overview A capacitor is a passive electronic component consisting of two conductors (plates) close to each other and a non-conductive insulating medium (dielectric) in the middle, used to store charge and electrical energy. Its core function is to achieve temporary storage and release of energy through the charging and discharging process. The calculation formula of capacitance (unit: Farad, F) is: C=εS/4πkd Where ε is the dielectric constant, S is the plate area, and d is the plate spacing. 2. What are the Core parameters of Capacitors? ‌Capacitance‌: There is a tolerance between the nominal value and the actual value, and the accuracy is usually 5%~25%. ‌Rated voltage‌: The maximum voltage limit for the normal operation of the capacitor. ‌Dissipation factor‌: Reflects the energy loss of the dielectric material and the equivalent series resistance (ESR). ‌Temperature coefficient‌: The effect of temperature change on capacitance, expressed in ppm (parts per million). ‌Leakage current‌: Determined by dielectric insulation performance, affecting long-term stability‌. 3. What are the Types of Capacitors? 1）‌Differentiation by polarity‌: ‌Non-polar capacitors‌: Such as ceramic capacitors and film capacitors, which can be installed in any direction, but have a small…
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      • See allCapacitors Capacitors play a vital role in electronic circuits. Reasonable selection and use are the keys to ensuring circuit performance. 1. Capacitors Overview A capacitor is a passive electronic component consisting of two conductors (plates) close to each other and a non-conductive insulating medium (dielectric) in the middle, used to store charge and electrical energy. Its core function is to achieve temporary storage and release of energy through the charging and discharging process. The calculation formula of capacitance (unit: Farad, F) is: C=εS/4πkd Where ε is the dielectric constant, S is the plate area, and d is the plate spacing. 2. What are the Core parameters of Capacitors? ‌Capacitance‌: There is a tolerance between the nominal value and the actual value, and the accuracy is usually 5%~25%. ‌Rated voltage‌: The maximum voltage limit for the normal operation of the capacitor. ‌Dissipation factor‌: Reflects the energy loss of the dielectric material and the equivalent series resistance (ESR). ‌Temperature coefficient‌: The effect of temperature change on capacitance, expressed in ppm (parts per million). ‌Leakage current‌: Determined by dielectric insulation performance, affecting long-term stability‌. 3. What are the Types of Capacitors? 1）‌Differentiation by polarity‌: ‌Non-polar capacitors‌: Such as ceramic capacitors and film capacitors, which can be installed in any direction, but have a small…
    • Crystals, Oscillators, ResonatorsCrystals, Oscillators, Resonators Crystals, oscillators and resonators each have their own characteristics and different application scenarios. In actual design, frequency stability, power consumption, cost and environmental factors need to be considered comprehensively. 1. What are Crystals? Definition: Crystals are typical passive devices (Passive Device), the main component of which is quartz (SiO₂), which use the piezoelectric effect to realize the mutual conversion of mechanical vibration and electrical signals. ‌Working principle‌: When an external voltage is applied, the crystal generates a resonant signal of a fixed frequency through mechanical vibration, but it does not have the driving ability itself and needs to rely on external circuits (such as amplifiers and load capacitors) to maintain oscillation. ‌Application scenario‌: Commonly used in clock circuits (such as microcontrollers and communication equipment) to provide reference frequency, and the nominal frequency range covers kHz to MHz (such as 32.768kHz or 24MHz). 2. What are Oscillators? Definition: Oscillators are active devices (Active Device), which integrate internal amplifier circuits, feedback resistors and voltage stabilization components, and can independently generate stable frequency signals. ‌Core features‌: √Directly output clock signals (such as sine waves or square waves) without external driving circuits‌. √Pins usually include power supply (VCC), ground (GND), output (OUT), etc.,…
      • Crystals
      • Oscillators
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      • See allCrystals, Oscillators, Resonators Crystals, oscillators and resonators each have their own characteristics and different application scenarios. In actual design, frequency stability, power consumption, cost and environmental factors need to be considered comprehensively. 1. What are Crystals? Definition: Crystals are typical passive devices (Passive Device), the main component of which is quartz (SiO₂), which use the piezoelectric effect to realize the mutual conversion of mechanical vibration and electrical signals. ‌Working principle‌: When an external voltage is applied, the crystal generates a resonant signal of a fixed frequency through mechanical vibration, but it does not have the driving ability itself and needs to rely on external circuits (such as amplifiers and load capacitors) to maintain oscillation. ‌Application scenario‌: Commonly used in clock circuits (such as microcontrollers and communication equipment) to provide reference frequency, and the nominal frequency range covers kHz to MHz (such as 32.768kHz or 24MHz). 2. What are Oscillators? Definition: Oscillators are active devices (Active Device), which integrate internal amplifier circuits, feedback resistors and voltage stabilization components, and can independently generate stable frequency signals. ‌Core features‌: √Directly output clock signals (such as sine waves or square waves) without external driving circuits‌. √Pins usually include power supply (VCC), ground (GND), output (OUT), etc.,…
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